SUMMARY 

• Essentials for any modern CI/CD: SCA (dependency scanning), SAST (code scanning), IaC scanning, container/image scanning, secrets detection, runtime container security, and policy-as-code (OPA).

• Developer-first stack (fast ROI): Dependabot (or Snyk), Snyk (or GitHub Advanced Security), Trivy (or Aqua/Prisma for full CNAPP), and HashiCorp Vault for secrets. Dependabot/GitHub Advanced Security are great if you live in GitHub. GitHub Advanced Security offers code & secret scanning for public repos and is bundled into GitHub licensing. GitHub Docs+1

• Enterprise/regulated: Add Veracode or Checkmarx for deeper SAST enterprise governance, SonarQube for code quality + security, and Aqua/Prisma Cloud (CNAPP) for container & runtime protections. Veracode+2Checkmarx+2

• Open-source + cheap / fast: Trivy for images & IaC, Dependabot for automated dependency PRs, and SonarQube (Community) or Snyk OSS for SCA. Trivy is a fast, developer-friendly scanner from Aqua. Trivy+1

Key vendor facts used below: Snyk starts with developer pricing tiers and offers SCA/SAST/IaC; GitHub Advanced Security features include free options for public repos and paid tiers for private orgs; SonarQube Cloud Team starts low (example: €30/month); Veracode enterprise pricing is higher (example guides show SAST starts around tens of thousands/year for enterprise portfolios). UnderDefense+3Snyk+3GitHub Docs+3

1) The DevSecOps product categories you actually need (and why)

1. Software Composition Analysis (SCA) — detects vulnerable open-source libs (critical for supply-chain safety). Tools: Snyk, Dependabot, SCA in Veracode. Snyk+1

2. Static Application Security Testing (SAST) — finds code-level issues (SQLi, XSS, unsafe deserialization). Tools: SonarQube, Checkmarx, Veracode. SonarSource+1

3. Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) — scans running app for HTTP runtime issues. Tools: Burp, Veracode DAST, commercial SaaS. Veracode

4. Infrastructure-as-Code scanning (IaC) — catch misconfigs in Terraform/CloudFormation. Tools: Snyk IaC, Trivy, Checkov. Snyk+1

5. Container & image scanning — pre-deploy and runtime (Trivy, Aqua, Prisma Cloud). Trivy+1

6. Secrets detection & management — detect leaked secrets + store rotated secrets (GitHub secret scanning, HashiCorp Vault). The GitHub Blog

7. SBOM & supply-chain tooling — generate SBOM (CycloneDX, Syft) and sign images (Cosign).

8. Policy as Code / Authorization checks — OPA, Gatekeeper for admission controls.

9. Runtime protection & CNAPP — for production posture: Aqua, Prisma Cloud, and other CNAPPs. Aqua

2) Quick vendor cheat-sheet (what each leader is best at)

• Snyk — developer-first SCA + IaC + container + AppSec pipelines; good IDE integrations and flexible pricing for dev teams. (Commercial plans; dev pricing from vendor pages.) Snyk

• GitHub Advanced Security (GHAS) — code scanning, secret scanning, Dependabot; deeply integrated if you use GitHub. Some features available free on public repos; paid for private organizations. GitHub Docs+1

• SonarQube — code quality + SAST (good on-prem options and cloud); starter tiers for small teams. SonarSource

• Checkmarx / Veracode — heavyweight SAST enterprise players with deep scanning and compliance reporting (used by large regulated orgs). Expect enterprise pricing. Checkmarx+1

• Trivy (Aqua) — fast open-source image/IaC scanner; great for CI quick scans; Aqua CNAPP for enterprise. Trivy+1

• Dependabot — automatic dependency PRs; built into GitHub and configurable. GitHub Docs

• Aqua Security / Prisma Cloud — CNAPP providers: image runtime protection, vulnerability management, and cloud posture. Good for production defense across containers, serverless, and cloud. Aqua+1

• HashiCorp Vault — secrets & dynamic credential management in CI/CD and runtime.

• OpenPolicyAgent (OPA) — policy-as-code for admission & pipeline enforcement.

(Citations inserted for the most load-bearing product claims above.) Aqua+6Snyk+6GitHub Docs+6

3) Pricing bands & procurement reality (what to budget)

Pricing is contextual — host counts, scan volume, retention, and enterprise features matter. Use these banded guidance points (ballpark) to estimate vendors during procurement:

• Low-cost / OSS & dev tools: Trivy, Dependabot, GitHub free features (for public repos). Cost: <$1k–$10k/year for small teams (mostly operational costs). Trivy+1

• Developer/SMB commercial: Snyk, SonarQube Cloud Team — developer plans for small teams: roughly $25–$100/dev/month or small annual seats, SonarQube Team starts low (example: €30/month for Team cloud). Snyk+1

• Mid-market: GitHub Enterprise + GHAS or Rapid enterprise bundles: $10–50k/year depending on active committers & scans/features. GHAS feature pricing and bundling is per GitHub licensing. GitHub Docs

• Enterprise: Veracode, Checkmarx, Aqua CNAPP, Prisma Cloud — expect enterprise contracts (tens to hundreds of thousands per year) based on app count and telemetry. Independent price guides show SAST enterprise starting in the mid five figures+ per year. UnderDefense+1

Procurement tip: ask for developer seats + scanning quotas and a 90-day pilot with defined KPIs (false positive rate, scan integration time, MTTF reductions).

4) Integration patterns — where to run each tool in CI/CD

• Pre-commit / developer IDE: Snyk IDE plugin, SonarLint — catch issues locally.

• Pull request / pre-merge: SCA (Dependabot PRs, Snyk test), light SAST (incremental SonarQube / GHAS code scanning), secrets scanning (pre-push hooks, pre-receive in GitHub).

• Merge / build: Full SAST scans (schedules or per release), IaC scanning, image build + Trivy scan.

• Pre-deploy (staging): DAST, integration security tests, thorough SAST (binary scanning).

• Post-deploy (prod runtime): CNAPP runtime detection (Aqua/Prisma), container runtime protection, vulnerability telemetry & SBOM collection.

5)  CI examples (GitHub Actions)

A) Quick SCA + SAST + Trivy pipeline (GitHub Actions)

name: security-ci
on: [pull_request]
jobs:
  dependabot-check:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

  snyk-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Snyk test
        uses: snyk/actions/node@v2
        with:
          command: test
        env:
          SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}

  trivy-image-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Build image
        run: docker build -t my-app:${{ github.sha }} .
      - name: Trivy scan
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: my-app:${{ github.sha }}

B) Enable GitHub Advanced Security code scanning & secret scanning

• GHAS runs with CodeQL workflows and secret scanning that create alerts in pull requests and the Security tab. GHAS features are integrated and some capabilities are available free for public repos. GitHub Docs

6) Practical selection matrix (engineer’s view)

7) 30-day integration runbook (practical, actionable)

Week 0 — Plan

• Inventory repos, build pipelines, OS/container registries, IaC repos. Define top 3 business-critical apps.

Week 1 — Developer tooling

• Enable Dependabot and Dependabot PR rules; install Snyk/IDE plugin for 10 pilot devs. Configure secret scanning pre-receive hooks.

Week 2 — CI integration

• Add Trivy to image builds. Add Snyk/Sonar incremental scans on PRs. Configure fail-on-high severity for CI.

Week 3 — Pre-deploy & staging

• Run DAST in staging for high-risk apps (one DAST run per release). Start SBOM generation and store artifacts.

Week 4 — Runtime & metrics

• Enable CNAPP runtime alerts for production (pilot cluster). Collect KPIs: #vulns, avg time-to-fix, dependency patch rate. Start monthly cadence with security + dev leads.

8) Procurement checklist & sample RFP snippet

Must ask

• Does the tool support CI (GitHub Actions / GitLab / Jenkins) out of the box?

• What are the integrations (EDR, container registry, artifact repos)?

• False positive rate & tuning cadence? SLA for support?

• Evidence & exportability for audits (alerts, artifacts, SBOMs)?

• Pilot: can you provide a 90-day PO with SLAs on detection and onboarding?

Sample RFP line

Vendor must provide SCA + IaC + container scanning with native GitHub Actions support, produce SBOMs at build time, and offer a 90-day pilot for 100 repositories with telemetry export support.

9) Common adoption anti-patterns (don’t do these)

• Tool overload: installing many overlapping scanners without a policy leads to noise. Start focused (SCA + image + IaC), then expand.

• Blocking everything immediately: gating only on critical severity and using suggestion mode for medium/low until tuning is done.

• No developer workflow: if scans slow PR feedback to hours, devs disable them. Prioritize fast incremental scans on PRs and full scans in nightly builds.

10) Example TCO & ROI sketch 

• Developer time saved by automated dependency PRs + fewer incidents → measure it. Example: If an incident avoided saves $50k and the stack costs $20k/year, ROI is straightforward. Always measure MTTF & time-to-remediate pre/post pilot.

11) Security & compliance notes 

• For regulated industries, verify vendor support for audit logs, exportability, and retention policies. Enterprise SAST (Veracode / Checkmarx) typically excel here. Veracode+1

12) Sources & live references 

• Snyk plans & pricing (developer bundles & features). Snyk

• GitHub Advanced Security billing & free features for public repos (Code scanning, secret scanning, Dependabot integration). GitHub Docs+1

• SonarQube cloud pricing & plans (Team plan example). SonarSource

• Veracode pricing guidance & SAST product notes (enterprise pricing guidance). UnderDefense+1

• Trivy (Aqua) official docs and project page — OSS image/IaC scanner. Trivy+1

• Dependabot docs — how Dependabot security updates & dependency graph work. GitHub Docs

• Aqua / Prisma Cloud CNAPP pages for runtime/container and cloud posture. Aqua+1